La Grammaire Anglaise

Pronom (Pronoun)



Un pronom est un mot utilisé à la place d'un nom.
Par exemple, vous pourriez dire : «Lisa is a nice girl». Ensuite, vous pouvez remplacer le nom "Lisa" par le mot " She " et obtenir la phrase suivante : " She is a nice girl ". " She " est un pronom.



Types de pronoms dans la grammaire anglaise




Personal Pronouns
Les pronoms personnels

Les pronoms personnels peuvent être divisés en différentes catégories selon leur rôle dans une phrase, comme suit :




Subjective pronouns
Pronoms sujets

The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, and they are known as subjective pronouns because they act as the subjects of verbs :

I you he she it we you they
je tu il elle il / elle / ça (non-humain) nous vous ils / elles
أنا أنتَ/أنتِ هو هي هو/هي    (لغير العاقل) نحن أنتم/أنتن هم/هن

Exemples :
•    She saw Catherine.
•    We drove Nick home.
•    I waved at her.
•    He loves playing cards.
•    It is sunny outside.
•    My dog is my only friend. He is always by my side.
•    My new car is fantastic! She goes like a bomb.



Objective pronouns
Pronoms complements

Les pronoms personnels me, you, us, him, her, it et them sont appelés pronoms objectifs car ils agissent comme les objets des verbes et des prépositions :

Objective pronouns المقابل في اللغة العربية
English Français الاستخدام ضمير مفعول
Me moi / me / m’ المفرد المتكلم (ياء المتكلم) (نى) يخبرني/يحبني/يعطيني...
You toi / te / t’ المفرد المُخَاطب (كاف المخاطبة) (ك) يخبرك/يحبك/يعطيك...
Him le / lui / l’ المفرد الغائب (هاء الغيبة للمذكر) (ه) يخبره/يحبه/يعطيه...
It lLe / lui / la / elle / l’ (non-humain) المفرد (هاء الغيبة لغير العاقل) (ها) قراءتها/كتبتها/اصلحتها...
Us nous الجمع المتكلم (نا الفاعلين) (نا) يخبرنا/يحبنا/يعطينا...
Yous vous الجمع المُخاطب (كم) يخبركم/يحبكم/يعطيكم...
Them leur / les / eux الجمع الغائب للعاقل وغير العاقل (هم) يخبرهم/يحبهم/يعطيهم...

Exemples :
•    Catherine saw her. I saw her.
•    Nick drove us home.
•    She waved at me.
•    I gave her a present.
•    It’s a present for her.

Subjective pronouns / Objective pronouns
Tableau présentant les différentes formules

SINGULAR PLURAL
subjective objective subjective objective
first person I me we us
second person you you you you
third person he/she/it him/her/it they them
Balayez vers gauche/droite






Possessive Pronouns
Pronoms possessifs

The personal pronouns :
     • mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs sont connus comme pronoms possessifs:
Ils se réfèrent à quelque chose appartenant au locuteur ou à quelqu'un ou à quelque chose mentionné précédemment.
Les pronoms possessifs indiquent la propriété.

Possessive Pronouns
Mine le mien / la mienne / à moi ملكي
Yours le tien / la tienne / à toi ملكك
His le sien / à lui ملكه
Hers la sienne / à elle ملكها
Its le sien / la sienne (non-humain) ملكه (غير العاقل)
Ours le nôtre / la nôtre / à nous ملكنا
Yours le vôtre / la vôtre / à vous ملككم
Theirs le leur / la leur / à eux / à elles ملكهم

Examples :
•    That book is mine.
•    John’s eyes met hers.
•    Ours is a family farm.

Pronoms personnels et possessifs

Les pronoms sujets personnels précèdent le verbe :
•    I stayed at home.
•    You need another blanket.
•    He wants to buy a new car.
•    She is studying Catalan.
•    It barks a lot. (It is used to refer to things, animals and the weather: It is raining).
•    We never eat garlic.
•    You read a lot.
•    They are good friends.

Cependant, nous plaçons le verbe auxiliaire avant les pronoms sujets dans les questions :
•    Can you help me?
•    Has she got the comic?
•    Does he write very often?

Les pronoms objets personnels viennent après les verbes et les prépositions :
•    She loves me.
•    We sent you a letter.
•    We went with him.
•    He adores her.
•    I saw it with my own eyes.
•    They have just invited us to their wedding.
•    Margaret believes in you.
•    We don't like them.

Un adjectif possessif est suivi d'un nom :
•    This is my van.
•    Your lorry is very big.
•    His house is enormous.
•    Her face is beautiful.
•    Its wing is broken.
•    Our engagement will be announced tomorrow.
•    Your son is very clever.
•    Their work was excellent.

Un pronom possessif n'est pas suivi d'un nom, c'est-à-dire qu'il est seul :
•    This book is mine.
•    This pencil case is yours.
•    Mary is a relative of his.
•    I've found hers.
•    Ours need watering.
•    Yours are bigger than mine.
•    These are your notebooks and those are theirs.




Reflexive Pronouns
Les pronoms réfléchis

Les pronoms réfléchis comprennent myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Ceux-ci sont utilisés lorsque l'objet est le même que le sujet.

English Français عربي
Myself Moi / Moi-même نفسي
Yourself Toi / Toi-même نفسك
Himself Lui / Lui-même نفسه
Herself Elle / Elle-même نفسها
Itself Lui-même / Elle-même (non-humain) نفسه - نفسها (غير العاقل)
Ourselves Nous / Nous-mêmes أنفسكم
Yourselves Vous / Vous-même أنفسنا
Themselves Leur / Eux-mêmes أنفسهم

Par exemple, dans la phrase «he hurt himself», he et himself font référence à la même personne.
•    I fell and hurt myself.
•    The children had to look after themselves.
•    I sent myself to bed.
•    We must help ourselves.
•    Daisy prepared herself for the journey.
•    He cut himself while shaving.
•    He could hurt himself!
•    She trusts herself.




Intensive Pronouns
Les pronoms intensifs

"Intensif" signifie "donner de la force ou de la concentration".
Un pronom intensif (myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves) met l'accent sur une déclaration.
Le pronom intensif peut être retiré de la phrase pour laisser une phrase complète avec un sens similaire, sauf que le sujet sera moins renforcé.
Les pronoms intensifs peuvent apparaître immédiatement après le sujet qu'ils renforcent (position forte) ou en fin de proposition (position un peu plus faible).

Examples :
•    I myself baked the cake.
•    The queen herself recommended this restaurant.
•    Have you yourself been there?
•    The project itself wasn't difficult.
•    We will do it ourselves.

Formes des pronoms personnels

Person Number (& gender) Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
First Singular I me mine myself
Plural we us ours ourselves
Second Singular you yours yourself
Plural yourselves
Third Masculine Singular he him his himself
Feminine Singular she her hers herself
Neuter / inanimate singular it its itself
Gender-neutral singular (epicene) they them theirs themself
Plural themselves
Balayez vers gauche/droite






Demonstrative Pronouns
Les pronoms démonstratifs

"Démonstratif" signifie "montrer, faire quelque chose de clair".

Un pronom démonstratif est un pronom qui est utilisé pour désigner quelque chose de spécifique dans une phrase. Ces pronoms peuvent indiquer des éléments dans l'espace ou le temps, et ils peuvent être soit au singulier ou au pluriel.

Les pronoms démonstratifs sont : this, that, these, those.

Utilisez «this» et «these » pour parler de choses proches dans l’espace ou dans le temps.

Utilisez « that» et « those» pour parler de choses qui sont plus éloignées dans l'espace ou dans le temps.

This Proximity and singular Proximité et singulier للمفرد القريب
These Proximity and plural Proximité et pluriel للجمع القريب
That Distant and singular Distant et singulier للمفرد البعيد
Those Distant and plural Distant et pluriel للجمع البعيد

Demonstrative pronoun Traduction      ترجمة
This Ce, Cette, Ceci, Celui-ci, Celle-ci, C’ هذا
These Ces, Ceux-ci ذلك
That Ce, Cette, Cela, Celui-là, Celle-là هذه
Those Ces, Ceux-là تلك

Exemples :
This is my house. C'est ma maison. هذا منزلي. (للقريب)
These are my books. Ce sont mes livres. هذه كتبي. (للقريب)
That is my house. Celle-là est ma maison. ذلك منزلي. (للبعيد)
Those are my books. Ces mes livres. تلك كتبي. (للبعيد)




Interrogative Pronouns
Pronoms interrogatifs

Les pronoms interrogatifs sont utilisés pour poser des questions.
Les pronoms interrogatifs sont : who, whom, whose, what, et which.

Un pronom interrogatif apparaît normalement au début d'une question, mais il peut apparaître au milieu ou à la fin, selon la formulation. Une question peut également inclure plusieurs pronoms interrogatifs.

En anglais, la formulation des questions suit la formule suivante :

question word - auxiliary verb - subject- verb - complement

Question word : (who, whom, whose, what, and which)
Exemple : Who did you see yesterday at the party?

La deuxième formule que vous pouvez utiliser pour former des questions en anglais est sans verbe auxiliaire :

question word - main verb - subject- complement

Par exemple, à la question « Who ate the cake at the party? » il n'y a pas de verbe auxiliaire.

Interrogative pronoun
who Whom whose what which
qui qui à qui que, quel que, quel
مًن مًن لمن ماذا اى

Pronoun Use for asking about Utiliser pour poser des questions sur تستخدم لطرح الأسئلة حول
Who When asking about a person and name l'identité d'une personne (qui) هوية الشخص (من)
Whom when asking about a person or name l'identité d'une personne (qui) هوية الشخص (من)
Whose Enquiring about possession or owner l'appartenance (à qui) الإنتماء (لمن)
What Asking for general information l'identité d'une chose (quoi, que) هوية الشيء (ماذا)
Which When you have a limited choice un choix إختيار

Subject Object
person who whom
person whose (possessive)
thing what (for a thing, when there are many things)
person/thing which (for a thing, when there aren’t many things)

Pronom Examples Exemples أمثلة
Who Who is it? Qui est-ce? من هذا؟
Who left her ring on the table ? Qui a laissé sa bague sur la table ? من ترك خاتمه على الطاولة؟
What What are you saying ? Que dis-tu ? ماذا تقول؟
What happened ? Que s'est-il passé ? ماذا حدث؟
What day is it ? Quel jour sommes nous ? في أي يوم نحن؟
Which Which dress do you prefer? Quelle robe préfères-tu? أي فستان تفضلين؟
Whose Whose phone is it? De qui est-ce le téléphone? هاتف من هذا؟




Relative Pronouns
Les pronoms relatifs

Les pronoms relatifs sont des pronoms qui relient différentes parties d'une phrase.
Les pronoms relatifs sont : who, whom, whose, which, where, when, what, why et that.

L'utilisation de pronoms relatifs dans les propositions relatives restrictives :
Fonction dans la phrase Référence à
Personne Choses
Sujet who, that which, that
Object who/whom/that which, that
Possessif whose whose

English Traduction en Français
who people and sometimes pet animals Les personnes et parfois les animaux de compagnie
which animals and things animaux et choses
that people, animals and things; informal les personnes, les animaux et les choses ; informel
whose possessive meaning; sens possessif ;
for people and animals usually; pour les personnes et les animaux
sometimes for things in formal situations généralement ; parfois pour des choses dans des situations formelles
whom people in formal styles or in writing; often with a preposition; rarely in conversation; used instead of who if who is the object des personnes dans des styles formels ou par écrit ; souvent avec une préposition ; rarement en conversation; utilisé à la place de who si who est l'objet

De nombreux pronoms interrogatifs, démonstratifs et relatifs se ressemblent exactement. Afin de faire la différence, vous devez analyser comment ces pronoms sont utilisés dans une phrase. S’ils sont utilisés pour poser une question, ils sont interrogatifs. Lorsque vous les utilisez pour montrer ou pointer du doigt quelque chose, ils sont démonstratifs. Vous saurez si un pronom est relatif si 1) le pronom introduit des informations décrivant un nom ou 2) le pronom agit comme une conjonction.

Exemples :
•    Interrogative: Whom did you ask about the movie times?
     (The pronoun whom is being used to ask a question.)

•    Relative: Dave is the person whom you asked about the movie times.
     (The pronoun whom is being use to introduce additional information about Dave.)

•    Demonstrative: That is the book I found.
     (The pronoun that shows which book I found. It may help you to imagine someone pointing to the book.)

•    Relative: I found the book that you lost. (book I found = book you lost)
     (The pronoun that connects the two sentences You lost the book and I found the book.
     It also gives us some describing information about the book.)






Exemples de phrases :
•    She lives in Kiev, which is the capital city of Ukraine.
•    Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy.
•    This is the book that everyone is talking about.
•    I really liked the book that you gave me.
•    She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.
•    The teacher whom you wrote has answered your questions.
•    I have a friend whose cat is annoying.
•    We didn’t bring the receipt, which was a big mistake.
•    The girl who called yesterday came to see you.
•    People who are clever can always find a way.
•    Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular.
•    Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. - Erma Bombeck





Reciprocal Pronouns
Pronoms réciproques

Réciproque signifie que deux personnes ou groupes font la même chose l'un à l'autre. Ils se traitent de la même manière.
Par exemple, Joe loves Kate, and Kate loves Joe. On peut donc dire : " Kate and Joe love each other".

Il existe deux pronoms réciproques en anglais :

Each other and one another. Peter and Mary helped one another.
= Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.

• We sent each other Christmas cards.
= We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card.

• They didn’t look at one another.
= He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him.

Nous utilisons également les formes possessives each other’s et one another’s :
They helped to look after each other’s children.
We often stayed in one another’s houses.

Exemples de phrases :
•    The cat and the dog like each other.
•    The two politicians hate each other.
•    We must stop fighting one another.
•    They gave each other Christmas presents.
•    They can't hear one another.




Indefinite Pronouns
Les pronoms indéfinis

Les pronoms indéfinis sont des pronoms qui ne se réfèrent à aucune personne ou chose spécifique.

Person Place Thing
All everyone everywhere everything
everybody
Part (positive) someone somewhere something
somebody
Part (negative) anyone anywhere anything
anybody
None no one nowhere nothing
nobody

Nous utilisons des pronoms indéfinis pour désigner des personnes ou des choses sans dire exactement qui ou quoi ils sont. Nous utilisons des pronoms se terminant par -body ou -one pour les personnes, et des pronoms se terminant par -thing pour les choses :
•    Everybody enjoyed the concert.
•    I opened the door but there was no one at home.
•    It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

On utilise un verbe au singulier après un pronom indéfini :
•    Everybody loves Sally.
•    Everything was ready for the party.

Lorsque nous faisons référence à un pronom indéfini, nous utilisons normalement un pronom pluriel :
•    Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.
•    I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.

Nous pouvons ajouter des –s' à un pronom indéfini pour en faire un possessif.
•    They were staying in somebody’s house.
•    Is this anybody’s coat?

Nous utilisons des pronoms indéfinis avec no- comme sujet dans les propositions négatives (pas de pronoms avec any.)
•    Anybody didn’t come >> Nobody came.

On n'utilise pas d'autre négatif dans une clause avec nobody, no one ou nothing:
•    Nobody came.
•    Nothing happened.

Nous utilisons else après les pronoms indéfinis pour désigner des personnes ou des choses en plus de celles que nous avons déjà mentionnées.
•    All the family came, but no one else.
•    If Michael can’t come we’ll ask somebody else.
•    So that's eggs, peas and chips. Do you want anything else?

Liste des pronoms indéfinis
Pronoun Signification Example

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

another une personne ou une chose supplémentaire ou différente That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody / anyone peu importe quelle personne Can anyone answer this question?
anything peu importe quoi The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours.
each chacune de deux ou plusieurs personnes ou choses, vues séparément Each has his own thoughts.
either l'un ou l'autre de deux personnes ou choses Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.
enough autant ou autant que nécessaire Enough is enough.
everybody/ everyone tout le monde We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything toutes les choses They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake.
less une plus petite quantité "Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little une petite quantité Little is known about his early life.
much une grande quantité Much has happened since we met.
neither ni l'un ni l'autre de deux personnes ou choses I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me.
nobody/ no-one aucune personne I phoned many times but nobody answered.
nothing rien If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing.
one une personne non identifiée Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other une personne ou une chose différente de celle déjà mentionnée One was tall and the other was short.
somebody/ someone une personne non précisée ou inconnue Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.
something une chose non spécifiée ou inconnue Listen! I just heard something! What could it be?
you une personne non identifiée (informel) And you can see why.

p
l
u
r
a
l

both deux personnes ou choses, vues ensemble John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
few un petit nombre de personnes ou de choses Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer un nombre réduit de personnes ou de choses Fewer are smoking these days.
many un grand nombre de personnes ou de choses Many have come already.
others les autres gens; pas nous I'm sure that others have tried before us.
several plus de deux mais pas beaucoup They all complained and several left the meeting.
they les gens en général (informel) They say that vegetables are good for you.

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

/

p
l
u
r
a
l

all la quantité totale de quelque chose ou de certaines choses ou personnes All is forgiven.
All have arrived.
any peu importe combien ou combien Is any left?
Are any coming?
more une plus grande quantité de quelque chose ; un plus grand nombre de personnes ou de choses There is more over there.
More are coming.
most la majorité; Presque tout Most is lost.
Most have refused.
none aucun; aucune personne ou personne They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap?
I invited five friends but none have come.
some une quantité indéterminée de quelque chose ; un nombre indéterminé de personnes ou de choses Here is some.
Some have arrived.
such du type déjà mentionné He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated as such.
Balayez vers gauche/droite



Examples of Indefinite Pronouns
1. All are welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.
2. Lizzie gave that book to someone and never got it back.
3. Anyone can play the game as long as they follow the rules.
4. Does anybody have a clue where the dog went?
5. Everyone knows it is impolite to point at someone.
6. No one came forward to admit the crime, so the whole class was punished.
7. Everyone had a great time at the Christmas party.
8. At the Thanksgiving dinner, each brought a plated dish to make the meal complete.
9. Marie told nobody the secrets that went on at her house.
10. Someone called to tell me the horrible news.
11. Although it could have happened to anyone, it happened to me.
12. When I looked around the house, I did not see anything out of the ordinary.
13. During my trip to the mall, I did not see anyone I knew.
14. I knocked on the door, but there was not anybody there.
15. Some will do anything to gain the attention of others.
16. Someone walked past the window and shouted.
17. Anyone in their right mind would know better than to do that.
18. Michael walked in and handed the piece of paper to someone.
19. Anyone would have agreed the woman in the black dress was gorgeous.
20. Some have the power to coax others to do what they want while others lack the power to do anything but follow.
21. After I painted my walls a deep shade of purple and installed jet black carpet, my room may be considered too gloomy for some.
22. I really just needed some time away from everyone.
23. After the story of the plane crash hit the news, many called for information on loved ones aboard the flight.
24. Sometimes I wonder why anyone shops at this store.
25. Very few came to visit the crabby old woman on the corner, leaving many to wonder if anyone cared about her at all.
26. If anyone cared about her, they certainly had an odd way of showing it.
27. Does anybody know a good place where I can go to get my nails done?
28. Normally during the holidays, everyone leaves campus.
29. I was told not to worry and that everything would be taken care of.
30. One of the great things about that cabin is that everything is included.
31. Anyone can plainly see that she was asking for trouble.
32. Anybody who came along would know something awful has happened here.
33. Everyone wandered aimlessly down the street wondering what would become of the space ships that occupied the otherwise clear blue sky.
34. I needed to see if anyone was interested in dating my cousin.
35. Someone really needs to come and mow my lawn.
36. Is anyone available to babysit for me on Tuesday?
37. My parents always told me that anything is possible.
38. Everyone enjoyed the food and the company.
39. Anyone that has ever lived in the city will never take for granted the peace of the country.
40. Someone whispered in my ear, but when I turned around there was not anybody there.
41. Few came to the wedding after the bride had a melt down and lashed out at her family and friends.
42. Everyone at the wedding could see how happy he made her.
43. After the festivities, everyone was invited back to the house for the after-party.
44. Some just do not know when to quit while they are ahead.
45. Someone should sue the pants off of that guy!
46. Anything is possible as long as you put your mind to it.
47. Mary wanted some, but I do not have any.
48. Someone drank all the soda.
49. Can anyone tell me why it is raining again?
50. Everybody loves to eat chocolate.
51. No one likes to eat vegetables.
52. Someone will clean up the kitchen.
53. No one was home at the neighbor's.
54. Everyone brought canned goods to the charity drive.
55. All were late to the party.

bref résumé :
Pronoun Type Members of the Subclass Example
Possessive mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs The white car is mine
Reflexive myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves He injured himself playing football
Reciprocal each other, one another They really hate each other
Relative that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when The book that you gave me was really boring
Demonstrative this, that, these, those This is a new car
Interrogative who, what, why, where, when, whatever What did he say to you?
Indefinite anything, anybody, anyone, something, somebody, someone, nothing, nobody, none, no one There's something in my shoe

List of Pronouns
Pronoun Traduction      ترجمة
All Tout لكل
Any Tout أي
Anybody N'importe qui اي شخص
Anyone N'importe qui أي واحد
Anything N'importe quoi اى شى
Both Tous les deux على حد سواء
Each Chaque كل
Either Non plus إما
Everybody Tout le monde الجميع
Everyone Toutes les personnes كل واحد
Everything Tout كل شىء
Few Peu قليل
He Il هو
Her Sa لها
Herself Se نفسها
Him Lui له
Himself Lui-même نفسه
I je أنا
It Il هذا
Itself Lui-même بحد ذاتها
Many Beaucoup كثير
Me Moi أنا
Most Plus عظم
Myself Moi même نفسي
Neither Ni لا هذا ولا ذاك
No one Personne لا أحد
Nobody Personne لا أحد
None Aucun لا شيء
Nothing Rien لا شيئ
One Un واحد
Ourselves Nous-mêmes أنفسنا
Several Nombreuses العديد من
She Elle هي
Some Certains بعض
Somebody Quelqu'un شخص ما
Someone Quelqu'un شخصا ما
Something Quelque chose شيئا ما
That Cette أن
Them Leur معهم
Themselves Se أنفسهم
These Celles-ci هذه
They Ils هم
This Ce هذه
Those Ceux أولئك
Us Nous لنا
We nous نحن
What Quelle ماذا
Which Lequel التي
Whichever

Quel que soit أيما
Who Qui من الذى
Whoever Quiconque من
Whom Qui من
Whomever Quelqu'un لمن
Whose Dont ملك من
You Toi أنت
Yourself Toi même نفسك
Yourselves Vous-même أنفسكم